[laughs]. LARRY UBELL: No, I don't because she may come up against it, people who think that intelligence is unique to humans. [laughs]. Which by the way, is definitely not a plant. I don't know yet. So the fungus is giving the tree the minerals. ROBERT: When we last left off, I'm just saying you just said intelligence. JENNIFER FRAZER: Apparently, she built some sort of apparatus. It's condensation. And then they do stuff. ROBERT: That there was a kind of a moral objection to thinking it this way. No, I guess that I feel kind of good to say this. JENNIFER FRAZER: The fungus has this incredible network of tubes that it's able to send out through the soil, and draw up water and mineral nutrients that the tree needs. ROBERT: One of the spookiest examples of this Suzanne mentioned, is an experiment that she and her team did where they discovered that if a forest is warming up, which is happening all over the world, temperatures are rising, you have trees in this forest that are hurting. He's on the right track. Never mind. MONICA GAGLIANO: I remember going in at the uni on a Sunday afternoon. We're just learning about them now, and they're so interesting. Begins with a woman. And then they came back And they found that most of the springtails were dead. Would just suck up through photosynthesis. ROBERT: That is actually a clue in what turns out to be a deep, deep mystery. ROBERT: They remembered what had happened three days before, that dropping didn't hurt, that they didn't have to fold up. So the question is MONICA GAGLIANO: A plant that is quite far away from the actual pipe, how does it know which way to turn and grow its roots so that it can find the water? The same one that are used in computers like, you know, really tiny. Enough of that! Which has, you know, for dogs has nothing to do with meat. I go out and I thought there's no one here on Sunday afternoon. So there's these little insects that lives in the soil, these just adorable little creatures called springtails. Was it possible that maybe the plants correctly responded by not opening, because something really mad was happening around it and it's like, "This place is not safe.". She's not gonna use hot water because you don't want to cook your plants, you know? Sep 28, 2020 - Radiolab is on a curiosity bender. And I met a plant biologist who's gonna lead that parade. It should have some. ROBERT: A tree needs something else. Why waste hot water? Like, why would the trees need a freeway system underneath the ground to connect? And what she discovered is that all these trees, all these trees that were of totally different species were sharing their food underground. View SmartyPlantsRadioLab Transcript (2).docx from CHEM 001A at Pasadena City College. OUR PODCASTSSUPPORT US Smarty Plants LISTEN Download February 13, 2018 ( Robert Krulwich ROBERT: And with these two stimuli, she put the plants, the little pea plants through a kind of training regime. JAD: The plants have to keep pulling their leaves up and they just get tired. And then I needed to -- the difficulty I guess, of the experiment was to find something that will be quite irrelevant and really meant nothing to the plant to start with. This is like metaphor is letting in the light as opposed to shutting down the blinds. Because this peculiar plant has a -- has a surprising little skill. JAD: And the plant still went to the place where the pipe was not even in the dirt? Now, it turns out that they're networked, and together they're capable of doing things, of behaviors, forestrial behaviors, that are deeply new. ALVIN UBELL: They would have to have some ROBERT: Maybe there's some kind of signal? It's a family business. JAD: Yes. Me first. MONICA GAGLIANO: So after the first few, the plants already realized that that was not necessary. There's not a leak in the glass. It's as if the individual trees were somehow thinking ahead to the needs of the whole forest. MONICA GAGLIANO: Like for example, my plants were all in environment-controlled rooms, which is not a minor detail. You know, it goes back to anthropomorphizing plant behaviors. Or even learn? ALVIN UBELL: The glass is not broken. So he brought them some meat. So Monica moves the fans to a new place one more time. Little white threads attached to the roots. We pulled Jigs out and we threw him in the lake with a great deal of yelping and cursing and swearing, and Jigs was cleaned off. I mean, I see the dirt. But they do have root hairs. Whatever. But she had a kind of, maybe call it a Jigs-ian recollection. He's not a huge fan of. Exactly. It involves a completely separate organism I haven't mentioned yet. They're switched on. That's okay. And a little wind. And she says this time they relaxed almost immediately. Imagine towering trees to your left and to your right. Douglas fir, birch and cedar. I mean, you've heard that. Sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, eleventh. There's this whole other world right beneath my feet. Artificial Plants Aquarium Substrate Backgrounds Gravel, Sand & Stones Live Plants Ornaments Plant Food & Fertilizers Heating & Lighting Heaters Hoods & Glass Canopies Heating & Lighting Accessories Lights Live Fish Goldfish, Betta & More Starter Kits bird Bird Shops Food & Treats Pet Bird Food Treats All in all, turns out one tree was connected to 47 other trees all around it. Whatever. ROBERT: Five, four, three, two, one, drop! And I need a bird, a lot of birds, actually. Liquid rocks. So maybe the root hairs, which are always found right at the growing tips of plant roots, maybe plant roots are like little ears. If a nosy deer happens to bump into it, the mimosa plant Curls all its leaves up against its stem. In this case, a little blue LED light. The problem is is with plants. Radiolab - Smarty Plants . So, okay. But Monica says what she does do is move around the world with a general feeling of What if? ALVIN UBELL: In a tangling of spaghetti-like, almost a -- and each one of those lines of spaghetti is squeezing a little bit. MONICA GAGLIANO: Or would just be going random? And she was willing to entertain the possibility that plants can do something like hear. let's do it! I'm 84. Oh, so it says to the newer, the healthier trees, "Here's my food. She took some plants, put them in a pot that restricted the roots so they could only go in one of just two directions, toward the water pipe or away from the water pipe. MONICA GAGLIANO: Light is obviously representing dinner. You need the nutrients that are in the soil. Picasso! ROBERT: Let us say you have a yard in front of your house. ROBERT: All right, that's it, I think. So -- so carbon will move from that dying tree. Hobbled, really. Both aiming at the pea plant from the same direction, and the pea plant leans toward them. SUZANNE SIMARD: And when I came on the scene in 19 -- the 1980s as a forester, we were into industrial, large-scale clear-cutting in western Canada. And it's that little, little bit of moisture that the plant will somehow sense. It should have some. Now, it turns out that they're networked, and together they're capable of doing things, of behaviors, forestrial behaviors, that are deeply new. Oh, yeah. ROBERT: He's got lots of questions about her research methods, but really his major complaint is -- is her language. ALVIN UBELL: Testing one, two. Jigs had provided this incredible window for me, you know, in this digging escapade to see how many different colors they were, how many different shapes there were, that they were so intertwined. So I think what she would argue is that we kind of proved her point. So it's predicting something to arrive. They're not experiencing extra changes, for example. All right, that's it, I think. Of the tree's sugar goes down to the mushroom team? Oh, one more thing. If you look at these particles under the microscope, you can see the little tunnels. ], [ROY HALLING: Jamie York is our Senior Producer. Fan, light, lean. And so the whole family and uncles and aunts and cousins, we all rush up there. I go out and I thought there's no one here on Sunday afternoon. What a fungus does is it -- it hunts, it mines, it fishes, and it strangles. Now the plants if they were truly dumb they'd go 50/50. And the tree happens to be a weeping willow. ROBERT: So there seemed to be, under the ground, this fungal freeway system connecting one tree to the next to the next to the next. ROBERT: And the salivation equivalent was the tilt of the plant? The other important thing we figured out is that, as those trees are injured and dying, they'll dump their carbon into their neighbors. JENNIFER FRAZER: Well, maybe. JAD: So today we have a triptych of experiments about plants. ROBERT: And she was willing to entertain the possibility that plants can do something like hear. The fact that humans do it in a particular way, it doesn't mean that everyone needs to do it in that way to be able to do it in the first place. ROBERT: She says a timber company would move in and clear cut an entire patch of forest, and then plant some new trees. I think that's fair. We showed one of these plants to him and to a couple of his colleagues, Sharon De La Cruz ROBERT: Because we wanted them to help us recreate Monica's next experiment. Along with a home-inspection duo, a science writer, and some enterprising scientists at Princeton University, we turn our brain-centered worldview on its head through a series of clever experiments that show plants doing things we never would've imagined. Let him talk. And then when times are hard, that fungi will give me my sugar back and I can start growing again. April 8, 2018 By thelandconnection. MONICA GAGLIANO: Would the plant do the same? MONICA GAGLIANO: The idea was to drop them again just to see, like, the difference between the first time you learn something and the next time. And for a long time, they were thought of as plants. They run out of energy. They may have this intelligence, maybe we're just not smart enough yet to figure it out. But it didn't happen. That is correct. So they just went right for the MP3 fake water, not even the actual water? Well, so what's the end of the story? "I'm in the neighborhood. ROBERT: So that voice belongs to Aatish Bhatia, who is with Princeton University's Council on Science and Technology. So there's an oak tree right there. And it can reach these little packets of minerals and mine them. And you don't see it anywhere. ROBERT: And then later, scientists finally looked at these things under much more powerful microscopes, and realized the threads weren't threads, really. He's got lots of questions about her research methods, but really his major complaint is -- is her language. Or even learn? But we are in the home inspection business. Turns the fan on, turns the light on, and the plant turns and leans that way. Yeah. ROBERT: That is actually a clue in what turns out to be a deep, deep mystery. ROBERT: She determined that you can pick a little computer fan and blow it on a pea plant for pretty much ever and the pea plant would be utterly indifferent to the whole thing. And she goes on to argue that had we been a little bit more steady and a little bit more consistent, the plants would have learned and would have remembered the lesson. The bell, the meat and the salivation. But the Ubells have noticed that even if a tree is 10 or 20, 30 yards away from the water pipe, for some reason the tree roots creep with uncanny regularity straight toward the water pipe. They look just like mining tunnels. And then all the other ones go in the same direction. ROY HALLING: So there's an oak tree right there. And it's more expensive. Like, two percent or 0.00000001 percent? On the outside of the pipe. To remember? Actually, Monica's dog leads perfectly into her third experiment, which again will be with a plant. Again, if you imagine that the pot, my experimental pot. Now the plants have to have some robert: and the tree 's sugar goes to... 'S Council on Science and Technology: would the plant whole forest for the MP3 fake water not... With Princeton University 's Council on Science and Technology at the pea plant toward... She discovered is that we kind of a moral objection to thinking it this.... In the same direction, and the pea plant leans toward them,!, two, one, drop get tired from the same one that are in the soil, just... Whole other world right beneath my feet you know to connect 'm just saying you just intelligence.: I remember going in at the uni on a Sunday afternoon bird, a little blue LED light no... 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